Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death, exceeded only by lung cancer in 1985. One in eight women living to 85 years of age will develop breast cancer at some time during it.
Currently there are over 2 million women living in the United States, breast cancer has been treated against. About 41,000 women die of this disease. The chance of dying> Breast cancer is about 1 in 33 However, mortality rates for breast cancer is down. This decline is probably the result of early detection and better treatment.
Breast cancer is not only women, the illness of a file. The American Cancer Society estimates that 1600 men are diagnosed each year and about 400 die from the disease can.
risk of breast cancer is higher among those who have a sister, mother, aunt, orMy grandmother had breast cancer 50 years ago. If only a mother or sister had breast cancer doubles the risk. diagnosed with two first-degree relatives, which increases the risk up to five times the average were.
Although it is known, is not exactly what causes breast cancer, sometimes the culprit is an inherited mutation in one of two genes called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These genes normally protect against disease by producing proteins that maintaining the growth of abnormal cells, but also for women with the mutation in breast cancer may increase the lifetime risk of up to 80 percent, compared to 13 percent in the general population. In fact, over 25 percent of women with breast cancer have more of a family history of the disease.
For women without a family history of breast cancer, the risks are difficult to identify. And 'well-known that the hormone estrogen fuels manyestrogen may increase the body's own - cancer> breast, and a variety of factors - diet, obesity and alcohol consumption.
The first signs
Early signs of breast cancer are:
- A lump that is usually only one will be recognized and most often painless.
- A patch of skin on the breast or armpit is swollen and has an unusual appearance.
- On the surface of the skin most important veins on one breast.
- L 'inverted nipple is concerned, the discharge produces a rash, changes in skin texture, or other than breast milk.
- A depression is located in an area of the surface of the breast.
Types and stages of breast cancer
There are many different types of breast cancer. Some are fast growing and unpredictable, while others develop more slowly and steadily. Some are encouraged by the level of estrogen in the body, leading somemutation in one of these two genes - BRCA1 and BRCA2.
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Generally divided into comedo (points blacks), in which the cutting surface of the extrusion tumor necrotic tumor cell death and shows how a comedo and comedo types. DCIS is early breast cancer ductal this system is limited to the inside of. The distinction between comedo and non-comedo types is important because the in-situ control comedocarcinoma act aggressively and may show areas of micro-invasion of the ductal wall in the surrounding tissues.
Ductal: This is the most common form of breast cancer, that 78 percent of all cancers. On mammography, these lesions can occur in two forms - the stellate cells (stellate) or well circumscribed (rounded). The stellate lesions generally have a worse prognosis.
Medullary carcinoma: This includes 15 percent of malignant tumors> Breast cancer. These lesions are usually well defined and can be difficult to distinguish from fibroadenoma by mammography or ultrasound. With this type of breast cancer, prognostic indicators of estrogen and progesterone receptor negative, 90 percent of the time. Medullary carcinoma usually has a better prognosis than other types of breast cancer.
Penetration into lobules that 15 percent of breast cancers, these lesionsgeneral thickening of the upper outer quadrant of the breast appears as a subtle and difficult to diagnose by mammography in invasive lobular carcinoma can be both breasts (bilateral). Microscopically these tumors show a linear arrangement of cells and grow around the products and lobules.
Tubular carcinoma: This cancer is described as minor or well-differentiated carcinoma. These lesions make up about 2 percent of all cases of breast cancer. They have a positivePrognosis with almost 95 percent survival rate in 10 years.
mucinous carcinoma: sets 1-2 per cent of breast cancer and has a favorable prognosis. These lesions are usually well circumscribed (rounded).
Inflammatory breast cancer: This is a particularly aggressive form of breast cancer, erythema) are usually detected by changes in the skin such as redness of the breast (skin thickening and prominence ofThe follicles resembling an orange peel. The diagnosis is made from a skin biopsy, the tumor shows vascular and lymphatic channels in about 50 percent of the time.
Stages of breast cancer
The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma. It begins in the lining of the milk ducts. Another type, called lobular carcinoma arises in the lobules. If cancer is found, the pathologist can tell what kind of cancer - if It 'started in a duct (ductal) or lobules (lobular) and he came even close to the tissue in the breast (invasive).
If cancer is found, the laboratory tests of tissue are usually done specifically to find out more about cancer. For example, (estrogen and progesterone) receptor tests, you can find out whether hormones help the cancer to grow hormone. If test results indicate that the hormones do to influence) the tumor growth (a positive test> Cancer is likely to respond to hormonal therapy. This therapy deprives cancer cells of estrogen.
Further tests are sometimes done to predict whether the cancer likely to progress. For example, X-rays and other laboratory tests. Sometimes a sample of breast tissue) is controlled by a gene-gene, known as the receptor for human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER-2 is that the return associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. SpecialThe evidence of liver bone or lung are done, because breast cancer can spread to areas.
A woman's treatment options depend on a number of factors. These factors include age, menopausal status, her general health, and the location of the tumor and stage of cancer, the results of laboratory tests and breast size. Some properties of cancer cells, as if they depend on hormones to increase the dimensions are also considered.
Inmost cases, the most important stage of the disease. The stage is developed in relation to the size of the tumor and whether the cancer. Here is a brief description of the most common stages of breast cancer and treatment used at every level. Other treatments may sometimes be useful.
Stage 0
Stage 0 is sometimes non-invasive carcinoma or carcinoma in situ mentioned. lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) refers to abnormal cells in theCoating of a lobule. These abnormal cells seldom become invasive cancer. However, they are at increased risk of developing an indicator of breast cancer in both breasts. The treatment for LCIS is a drug called tamoxifen, breast cancer may increase the risk of development. A person who is behind the decision not to have treatment, but monitoring the situation through regular health screenings. And sometimes the decision is made for action remove both breasts to try to prevent the development of cancer. In most cases, the removal of axillary lymph nodes is not necessary.
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) refers to abnormal cells in the lining of a channel. DCIS is also called intraductal carcinoma. The abnormal cells have not spread through the tissue surrounding the breast duct penetrate. However, women with DCIS have an increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer. Some women with ductal carcinoma in situ> Breast conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy. Alternatively, they could mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction (plastic surgery) to rebuild the breast. It usually axillary lymph nodes removed to a. Women with DCIS may want to talk to their doctor about tamoxifen to reduce breast cancer risk of developing invasive.
Phase I and II
Phase I and Phase II early stage breast cancerthe cancer has spread on the canvas or duct and invaded the surrounding tissues.
Stage I means that breast cancer is about one inch in diameter and tumor cells have not spread beyond.
Phase II: one of the following:
Breast cancer is less than 1 inch in diameter and the cancer has spread to lymph nodes under the arm.
The tumor is between 1 and 2 inches (with or without spread to lymph nodes under the arm).
L 'The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but has not spread to lymph nodes under the armpit.
Treatment options for early breast cancer are breast breast-conserving surgery followed by radiation therapy, and that with or without mastectomy breast reconstruction for breast reconstruction. These approaches are equally effective in the treatment of early breast cancer. (Sometimes Radiation therapy is administered afterMastectomy).
The choice of a breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy depends mostly on the size and location of the tumor, breast size, some features of cancer, and how the person feels to keep her breasts. With both approaches lymph nodes under the arm usually be removed.
Chemotherapy and / or hormonal therapy after primary treatment with surgery or surgery and radiotherapy are recommended for Phase I and more oftenStage II breast cancer. This treatment is called adjuvant therapy. Systemic therapy sometimes given to shrink the tumor before surgery called neoadjuvant therapy. This is given to try to destroy any remaining cancer cells and prevent cancer or to go back in the breast or elsewhere.
Level III
Phase III is also called carcinoma locally at this stage of breast cancer is possible. The problem the following:
More than 2 cm in diameter and the cancer has spread to axillary lymph nodes.
The cancer has spread to lymph nodes under the arm.
Breast cancer is lymph node cancer develops in the vicinity of the sternum or other tissue near.
Inflammatory breast cancer is a type of locally advanced breast cancer. In this type of breast cancer, sees red and swollen (or inflamed) because> Cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin of the breast.
Patients with stage III breast cancer usually have both local treatment to remove or destroy the breast and systemic treatment for the disease to stop the cancer out. The surgical site may be lower arm and / or radiotherapy to the chest e. The systemic treatment, chemotherapy, hormone therapy or both. Systemic therapy may be given beforelocal therapy to shrink the tumor and then point to prevent the disease from recurring in the breast or otherwise.
Stage IV
Stage IV is metastatic cancer. The tumor has spread through the breast, body and axillary lymph nodes in other parts des
The chemotherapy treatments for breast cancer Stage IV and / or hormonal therapy to destroy cancer cells and control the disease. Patients may require surgery or radiation therapycontrol of breast cancer. Radiation can also be useful to control tumors in other parts of the body.
carcinoma applicant
recurrence of cancer: the disease has returned, despite the initial treatment. When breast cancer seems to have been destroyed completely removed, or even the disease sometimes returns because undetected cancer cells remained somewhere in the body after treatment.
The majority of relapses occur first 2 or 3 years after treatment, but breast cancer can recur many years later.
The cancer that returned in the field of surgery is called only once the club. If the disease returns in another part of the body, is the return of breast cancer called metastatic. The patient, a type of treatment or a combination of treatments for cancer applicant.
For more information, see "Nine Ways to Reduce Breast> Risk of Cancer "on this site.
Source: National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control
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